An Overview of the Application of Tungsten Wires in the Photovoltaic Field
Due to its unique physical and chemical properties, tungsten wire has become a crucial auxiliary material in the photovoltaic field, mainly used to enhance the efficiency and durability of solar cells. In terms of heating elements in high-temperature furnaces, tungsten wire is widely employed in high-temperature processes for photovoltaic silicon wafer production, such as crystal growth and diffusion doping. For instance, in polycrystalline silicon ingot furnaces, tungsten wire heaters can operate stably at temperatures above 1600°C, ensuring the uniformity of the silicon melt, reducing lattice defects, and significantly improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the cells.
In perovskite solar cells, the nano-scale films (with a thickness of 50-100 nm) formed by sputtering or evaporation of tungsten wires are used as a new type of electrode material, which has both high conductivity and chemical inertness. This effectively solves the problem that traditional metal electrodes (such as silver) are prone to degradation. Experiments show that the perovskite cells with tungsten electrodes have an efficiency attenuation of less than 5% after aging in an environment of 85°C/85%RH for 1000 hours. Moreover, the tungsten nanostructures can enhance the photothermal conversion efficiency through the surface plasmon effect. For example, in heterojunction cells (HJT), the periodic tungsten nanowire arrays can increase the absorption rate of light with a wavelength of 300-400 nm by 40%, and increase the current density through thermal electron emission.
In the encapsulation of photovoltaic modules, tungsten-doped silicon dioxide glass (WO₃-SiO₂) is used as the encapsulation layer, which can extend the ultraviolet cutoff wavelength to 380nm while maintaining a visible light transmittance of over 92%. Accelerated aging tests show that the power degradation rate of such modules is reduced to 0.3% per year. In the back-contact conductive paste of the battery, replacing silver paste with tungsten powder (particle size 0.5-1 μm), the contact resistance can be controlled below 1 mΩ·cm², and the cost is reduced by 60%.
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